In the 1840s a
Greenwich standard time for all of England, Scotland, and Wales was
established, replacing several "local time" systems. The Royal Greenwich
Observatory was the focal point for this development because it had played
such a key role in marine navigation based upon accurate timekeeping.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) subsequently evolved as the official time
reference for the world and served that purpose until 1972.
The early
timekeeping of these observatories was still driven by navigation. Timekeeping
had to reflect changes in the earth's rotation rate; otherwise navigators
would make errors. Thus, the USNO was charged with providing time linked to
"earth" time, and other services, including almanacs, necessary for sea and
air navigation.
With the advent of
highly accurate atomic clocks, scientists and technologists recognized the
inadequacy of timekeeping based on the motion of the earth, which fluctuates
in rate by a few thousandths of a second per day. The redefinition of the
second in 1967 had provided an excellent reference for more accurate
measurement of time intervals, but attempts to couple GMT (based on the
earth's motion) and this new definition proved to be highly unsatisfactory. A
compromise time scale was eventually devised, and on January 1, 1972, the new
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) became effective internationally.
UTC runs at the
rate of the atomic clocks, but when the difference between this atomic time
and one based on the earth approaches one second, a one-second adjustment (a
"leap second") is made in UTC. NIST's clock systems and other atomic clocks
located in more than 25 countries now contribute data to the international UTC
scale coordinated in Paris by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
(BIPM). An evolution in timekeeping responsibility from the observatories of
the world to the measurement standards laboratories has naturally accompanied
this change from "earth" time to "atomic" time.
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